Experimental Study of the Mechanical Transmission of Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease Virus (RHDV2/b) by Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) and Phlebotomus papatasi (Diptera: Psychodidae).

Rabbit hemorrhagic disease (RHD) is caused by a lagovirus mainly affecting European rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus), although other European and North American lagomorph species are also susceptible to fatal infection by the new viral variant RHDV2/b. In the present work, direct mechanical transmission of the rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV2/b variant) by the hematophagous Diptera Aedes albopictus (Skuse) (Diptera: Culicidae) and the sand fly Phlebotomus papatasi (Scopoli) (Diptera: Psychodidae) was tested. For each species, six and three laboratory rabbits were exposed to bites of dipterous females partially fed on RHDV2/b viral suspension 2 h and 24 h prior to exposure, respectively. The rabbits were then monitored for clinical changes and mortality for 35 d, and seroconversion was assessed by indirect ELISA. No rabbit died or showed clinical signs of disease, and seroconversion was recorded in two rabbits challenged with P. papatasi females fed the viral suspension 2 h prior to exposure. The number of RHDV2/b RNA copies/female was higher in Ae. albopictus than in P. papatasi but the decrease over time of RNA load in Ae. albopictus was greater than that in P. papatasi. The results of this study suggest the inability of Ae. albopictus to serve as a direct mechanical vector of RHDV2/b, but sand flies could play a role in the local transmission of RHD.

Síndrome de Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada en niños / Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome in children

Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada (VKH) syndrome is a systemic inflammatory disease that causes chronic and bilateral granulomatous panuveitis, usually described in adults. Objectives: To describe manifestations and complications of VKH in pediatric patients. Methods: Retrospectivedescriptive study upon patients <14 years-old with VKH, attended from January 1985 to July 2010 in three different centers. Results: A total of 17 patients (34 eyes) were studied; 9 (53%) female. The mean age was 10.8 years-old. Among extraocular manifestations; neurological (71%), dermatological (29%) and auditive (24%) signs were observed. Ocular findings included optic-disc involvement (94%), anterior uveitis (79%), choroiditis (77%), serous retinal detachment (71%) and vitritis (71%). Initial visual acuity (VA) was ≤0.05 in 47% of cases and ≥0.6 in 12% of patients. 71% presented complications: glaucoma (20 eyes), sinechiae (10 eyes), maculopathy (6 eyes) cataract (5 eyes) and ptisis bulbi (1 eyes). 35% received only corticosteroids and 65% inmunosupressive drugs. After treatment, 6% had VA ≤0.05 and 59% ≥0.6. Ten patients (59%) recurred: 30% compromising posterior pole, and 50% recurred >3 times. Conclusions: VKH in children is infrequent. It presents with optic-disc involvement and complications of posterior pole. It requires a high degree of suspicion, quick evaluation and early treatment, which include inmunosupressive and extended corticosteroid therapy. Nevertheless, a high rate of recurrence is seen among this group of patients. (AU)

Instrucciones para la utilización de la escala mincir para valorar calidad metodológica de estudios de terapia / Instructions for the use of mincir scale to assess methodological quality in therapy studies

La calidad metodológica (CM) es un constructo multidimensional complejo que evalúa diferentes variables. Una aproximación al tema fue la generación de escalas para valorar CM de estudios de terapia, diagnóstico y pronóstico por parte de nuestro grupo de trabajo; todas ellas validadas. El objetivo de este artículo es entregar una pauta para estandarizar la aplicación para la escala MINCir, para valorar CM de estudios de terapia. Se realiza una descripción detallada de cada ítem y dominio que conforman la escala MINCir Terapia, junto con una guía de cómo dar respuesta a cada uno de ellos. Se generó una guía de usuario para aplicar la escala MINCir Terapia.

Methodological quality (MQ) is a complex multidimensional construct that tests different types of variables. An approach to this issue was the potential to generate a group of valid scales to assess MQ in therapy, diagnosis and prognosis studies. The aim of this article is to provide a guideline to standardize the implementation of a MinCir scale to assess MQ in therapy studies. A detailed description of each item and discipline of the therapy MinCir scale is provided, along with guidelines on how to respond each query. A user guide for applying the therapy MinCir scale was generated.

Participación chilena en reuniones IADR mundiales, 2001-2012 / Chilean participation in IADR general sessions, 2001-2012

Introducción: Las reuniones mundiales de la International Association for Dental Research (IADR) representan una de las instancias más importantes para la divulgación de las investigaciones odontológicas a nivel de congresos. El objetivo del presente trabajo es caracterizar la participación de investigadores de instituciones chilenas en reuniones IADR mundiales durante el período 2001-2012. Metodología: Estudio bibliométrico, la búsqueda se realizó en la plataforma web Conference Exchange™ para IADR, para las reuniones mundiales de 2001 a 2012 y el término libre "Chile", incluyendo todas las presentaciones con al menos un autor afiliado a una institución chilena; se consideraron las variables: Reunión, autor, institución, cooperación internacional y área temática. Resultados: Se hallaron 158 presentaciones, promedio de 13.2 (15.3) anuales, con participación de 1 a 6 autores en el 87.3 por ciento; la mayor participación corresponde a la Universidad de Chile (43 por ciento), seguida por las Universidades de Talca (15.8 por ciento), Finis Terrae (11.4 por ciento) y de los Andes (10.8 por ciento); según área temática destaca Periodoncia (13.9 por ciento), Cariología (12.7 por ciento) y Epidemiología (12.7 por ciento); 26 por ciento de las presentaciones tenía participación de instituciones extranjeras. Discusión: Los presentes resultados van en línea con reportes bibliométricos recientes en el área, aunque destaca la aparición de 2 universidades privadas en los primeros lugares. La valoración de la participación en las reuniones IADR mundiales representa un indicador valioso de la producción científica de la odontología chilena, que complementa las evaluaciones bibliométricas de publicaciones ISI, permitiendo una mejor comprensión de la generación de conocimiento en el área.

Introduction: International Association for Dental Research (IADR) general session is one of the most important annual congress in the dental and craniofacial field. The aim of this research is to characterize the participation of dental researchers affiliated to Chilean institutions in IADR general sessions over 2001-2012 period. Methodology: Bibliometric study. Search was performed in the web platform Conference Exchange™ for IADR, for general sessions from 2001 to 2012, for the term "Chile", including all presentations with at least one author with an affiliation to some Chilean institutions. The following variables were evaluated: Session, author, institution, international cooperation and topic area. Results: 158 presentations were found, annual average of 13.2 (15.3), in 87.3 percent there were 1 to 6 authors per presentation. Major participant institution was Universidad de Chile (43 percent), followed by Universities of Talca (15.8 percent), Finis Terrae (11.4 percent) and los Andes (10.8 percent); topics with more participations were Periodontology (13.9 percent), Cariology (12.7 percent) and Epidemiology (12.7 percent); 26 percent of the presentations had participation of foreign institutions. Discussion: These results reinforce previous bibliometrics reports, but highlight two private universities in the top positions. The assessment of participation in IADR General Sessions is an important index of scientific production of Chilean dentistry, complementing the bibliometric assessments focused on ISI publications, allowing a better understanding of knowledge generation in this field.

An approach to the etiology of metabolic syndrome / Un acercamiento a la etiología del síndrome metabólico

Increased prevalence of obesity in the world, especially ac-cumulation of abnormal amounts of visceral fat predisposesto insulin resistance, which is the central role of metabo-lic syndrome (MS). Obesity can deregulate the intracellularsignaling of insulin due to the production of inflammatorysubstances, chemoattractant proteins, adipokines and mo-lecules that trigger hormonal mediator potentials for des-tabilization of signal transduction, leading to metabolicdisorders such as hyperglycemia, hypertension, and dyslipi-demia. The complexity of the MS and of the genetic mecha-nisms involved in its etiology derives from the combinationof variants on genes involved and environmental factorsthat predispose it. The purpose of this paper is to review theeffects of obesity in molecular and biochemical responsesthat trigger insulin resistance and its relation to some candi-date genes and the ancestral component of the population.

An approach to the etiology of metabolic syndrome.

Increased prevalence of obesity in the world, especially accumulation of abnormal amounts of visceral fat predisposes to insulin resistance, which is the central role of metabolic syndrome (MS). Obesity can deregulate the intracellular signaling of insulin due to the production of inflammatory substances, chemoattractant proteins, adipokines and molecules that trigger hormonal mediator potentials for destabilization of signal transduction, leading to metabolic disorders such as hyperglycemia, hypertension, and dyslipidemia. The complexity of the MS and of the genetic mechanisms involved in its etiology derives from the combination of variants on genes involved and environmental factors that predispose it. The purpose of this paper is to review the effects of obesity in molecular and biochemical responses that trigger insulin resistance and its relation to some candidate genes and the ancestral component of the population.

El aumento en la prevalencia de la obesidad en el mundo, especialmente el acumulo de grasa visceral, predispone a resistencia a la insulina, eje central del Síndrome metabólico (SM). La obesidad puede desregular la señalización intracelular de la insulina debido a la producción de sustancias inflamatorias, proteínas quimioatrayentes, adipoquinas y mediadores hormonales que activan moléculas potenciales para la desestabilización de la transducción de la señal, lo que genera alteraciones metabólicas como hiperglucemia, hipertensión y dislipidemia. La complejidad del SM y de los mecanismos genéticos involucrados en su etiología, se deriva de la combinación entre variantes génicas implicadas y factores del medioambiente que la predisponen. El propósito del presente artículo es revisar los efectos de la obesidad en las respuestas moleculares y bioquímicas que desencadenan resistencia a la insulina y su relación con algunos genes candidatos y el componente ancestral de la población.

Perfil bibliométrico de la odontología chilena, 2001-2010 / Bibliometric profile of chilean dentistry, 2001-2010

Introducción: Caracterizar la producción científica personal, institucional o nacional es una necesidad creciente para comprender y mejorar la generación de conocimiento. El objetivo de este trabajo es definir el perfil bibliométrico de la odontología chilena en la última década. Metodología: En la plataforma Web of Knowledge, mediante un algoritmo se realizó la búsqueda de las publicaciones odontológicas chilenas ISI. Los datos: número de publicaciones; factor de impacto (FI); Top-10 de: autores, instituciones, revistas y países de coautoría se muestran para el período 2001-2010 y sus quinquenios. Resultados: El número total de publicaciones fue de 195, con una media anual de 12.8 y un FI de 1.18 para el primer quinquenio, cifras aumentadas a 26.2 (105 por ciento) y 1.82 (54 por ciento) respectivamente en el segundo, pero con una disminución del FI en el último bienio a 1.73. En cuanto a autores destaca Gamonal; en instituciones la UChile seguida desde muy atrás por la UdeC y otras que aumentaron su producción como UFro, UMayor, UValpo y PUC; en cooperación internacional lo hacen España, USA, Brasil y Suecia, pero con porcentajes menores; en revistas destacan los de periodoncia y 2 publicaciones nacionales no odontológicas en el segundo quinquenio. Discusión: Aunque el aumento de la producción es claro durante la última década, aún está muy por debajo de los grandes productores internacionales y preocupa la disminución del impacto en los últimos 2 años, la alta concentración en la producción (UChile) y la baja cooperación internacional, situaciones que deben ser resueltas en pos de mantener el crecimiento.

Introduction: There is an increasing need to characterize personal, institutional or national scientific output in order to understand and improve the generation of knowledge. The aim of this paper is to define the bibliometric profile of Chilean dentistry for the last decade. Methodology: A search was performed in WOK platform using an algorithm to define ISI Chilean dental publications. Data: number of publications, impact factor (IF), TOP-10 for: authors, institutions, journals and co-authored countries are shown for the period 2001-2010 and its five-year periods. Results: The total number of publications was 195, with an annual average of 12.8 and an IF of 1.18 for the first five-years, numbers increased to 26.1 (105 percent) and 1.82 (54 percent) respectively in the second ones, but with an IF decrease to 1.73 for last two-years. Among the authors, Gamonal stands out in institutions the UChile leads, followed far behind by the UdeC and other universities which improved their participation in the second half as UFro, UMayor, UValpo and PUC; in international cooperation Spain, USA, Brazil and Sweden, albeit with lower rates; as for journals, periodontology detaches itself and in the second half two non-dental Chilean publications. Discussion: There is a noticeable rise of production over the last decade, but still very far from big international producers and the IF decrease in the last two-years is a concern, together with the high concentration of production (UChile) and the low rate of international cooperation, facts that should be improved, in order to maintain the growth.

Clasificación de niños colombianos con desnutrición según la referencia NCHS o el estándar OMS

Se realizó un estudio descriptivo para evaluar la concordancia en la clasificación de niños colombianos con desnutrición según la referencia del National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) y los estándares de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS). Participaron 660 niños entre 0 y 59 meses con desnutrición aguda moderada (P/TZ<-2) y grave (P/TZ<-3 o edematizados), en recuperación nutricional hospitalaria entre 2000 y 2009. Se analizaron los indicadores talla para la edad (T/E) al ingreso y peso para la talla al ingreso (P/Tin) y egreso (P/Teg). Se compararon medias con la prueba t de Student pareada; la concordancia entre NCHS y OMS se estimó con Coeficiente de Correlación Intraclase (CCI) y el Índice Kappa; se evaluó el cambio de clasificación de los niños según el instrumento utilizado, con prueba de McNemar. Los instrumentos mostraron alta concordancia en los indicadores T/E (CCI=0,988; k=0,866) y P/Tin (CCI=0,901; k=0,578). Del total de niños clasificados con T/E normal por NCHS, 10,4% se clasificaron con retraso del crecimiento según OMS. Al ingreso 64,0% de los niños presentó desnutrición aguda moderada según NCHS, de éstos 44,8% clasificaron con emaciación severa según OMS, en consecuencia aumentó la emaciación severa de 36,0% hasta 63,3% con OMS. De los niños que egresaron 5% necesitarían más días de hospitalización si hubieran sido evaluados con OMS. En conclusión los estándares OMS captan más niños desnutridos y formas más severas de emaciación y baja talla, con su uso se espera hospitalizar más niños para recuperación nutricional y por más días.

A descriptive study was conducted to evaluate the concordance of National Center for Health Statistics reference (NCHS) used to classify undernourished children from Colombia with the WHO Child Growth Standards. We used data from children aged 6 to 59 months with acute malnutrition (Z <-2) and severe (Z <-3) who were admitted to the “Unidad Vida Infantil” nutrition program in Colombia. Indicators height-for-age, weight for-height were analyzed when they were admitted to the hospital and weight for-height leaving the hospital. A statistical method used to compare means was T-student. Correlation coefficient intraclass (CCI) and Kappa index evaluated the concordance between NCHS and OMS; McNemar method evaluated the changes on the nutritional classification for children according to growth devices used. Of the total number of children classified as normal by NCHS, 10.4% were classified as stunted by WHO. 64% of the children admitted to the hospital presented acute malnutrition according to NCHS, of these 44,8% presented severe emaciation according to OMS, indeed severe emaciation increased of 36,0% to 63,3% using OMS. 5% of children leaving the hospital could need to stay more days if they had been evaluated with OMS. Growth devices shown high concordance in height-for-age (CCI=0,988; k=0,866) and weight for-height (CCI=0,901; k=0,578). Concluded that OMS growth standards classified more malnourished children and more severe states, in addition more malnourished children could be hospitalized and they could stay more days.

Úvea y enfermedades sistémicas / Uvea and systemic diseases

El ojo, además de entregarnos el sentido de la visión, también nos permite conocer la salud general del organismo. Muchas enfermedades sistémicas se manifiestan en el órgano visual antes, durante o después del debut de ellas a nivel sistémico. Este compromiso visual es variado y depende de la enfermedad en cuestión, destacando la escleritis, uveítis y vasculitis retinales. Conocer el estado ocular permitirá al clínico realizar diagnósticos más asertivos y oportunos, realizar el tratamiento más adecuado y definir pronóstico en varias enfermedades, que tienen al globo ocular como un órgano blanco. El objetivo de esta revisión es atraer la atención del lector sobre el compromiso oftalmológico en varias enfermedades

The eye besides giving us sight, it let us know the general health of the whole body as well. Many systemic diseases become evident in the visual organ before, during or after its systemic onset. The visual involvement in these diseases is wide and depends on the underlying disease. It is worth to stand out the escleritis, uveitis and retinal vasculitis. The knowledge of the ocular health will let the physician to diagnose more accurately and in time, to start the most appropriate treatment and to define the prognosis of several diseases that have the eye as a target organ. The aim of this review is to draw the reader's attention to the ophthalmic involvement in several systemic diseases

Balón intragástrico: una alternativa endoscópica en el tratamiento de la obesidad / Intragastric balloon: an endoscopic alternative in the treatment of obesity

El balón intragástrico bioenteric (BIB) es un procedimiento endoscópico, no quirúrgico indicado para el tratamiento temporal de la obesidad, que favorece la disminución de la capacidad gástrica, ocupando gran parte del fundus. Analizar la eficacia a corto plazo, seguridad y tolerabilidad del balón intragástrico en el tratamiento de la obesidad. Estudio retrospectivo, descriptivo y longitudinal, de abril 2005 hasta abril 2009, 141 pacientes, 121 mujeres, 20 hombres, 5 fueron segundo balón, 4 mujeres y 1 hombre, con un total de 146 balones colocados; con edad promedio de 37.2 en mujeres y 35,23 en hombres, con un rango desde 16 hasta 69 años y un tiempo promedio de duración del balón 6,94 meses. El peso promedio al inicio fue de 96.34 y al final de 82.01 kg, con una diferencia de 14.33 kg. En cuanto al Índice de Masa Corporal (IMC), el cambio observado fue un grado de diferencia, pasando de obesidad grado II a obesidad grado I. El valor promedio al inicio fue de 36.37 kg/m2 y al final 30.95 kg/m2. El promedio de grasa al inicio 40,97 Kg (42.55%) y al final 30.82 kg (36.63%). La co-morbilidad más frecuente fue: hiperinsulinismo 67(45.89%) dislipidemia 37(25.34%), hipertensión arterial 19 (13.01%). No hubo complicaciones severas. El BIB es un método endoscópico seguro y eficaz en el tratamiento de la obesidad...

The bioenterics intragastric balloon (BIB) is a non-surgical endoscopic procedure indicated for the temporary treatment of obesity, which subserves the reduction of gastric capacity, occupying most of the fundus. To analyze the short-term effi ciency, safety and tolerability of the intragastric balloon in the treatment of obesity. Retrospective, descriptive and longitudinal study, from April, 2005 to April, 2009. 141 patients, 121 women, 20 men; 146 BIB, 5 were second BIB, 4 women and 1 man; with an average age of 37.2 forwomen and 35,23 formen, with a range from 16-69 years and an average period of 6.94 months duration of the balloon. The average weight at the beginning was 96.34 kg and at the end 82.01 kg, with a difference of 14.33 kg. As for the Body mass index (BMI), the observed change was a 1 degree difference, passing from obesity degree II to obesity degree I. The average value at the beginning was 36.37 kg/m2 and at the end 30.95 kg/m2. The average of body fat at the beginning was 40,97 Kg (42.55%) and at the end of our study was 30.82 kg (36.63%). The most frequent comorbidity was: hyperinsulinism 67 (46.89%), dyslipidemia 37 (25.34%), hypertension 19 (13.01). There were no severe complications. BIB is a safe and effective endoscopic method in the treatment of obesity...

Prediction of recurrent disease by cytology and HPV testing after treatment of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the role of human papillomavirus (HPV) testing and cytology as predictors of residual/recurrent disease after treatment of high-grade cervical intraepithelial lesions. METHODS: One hundred and thirty-eight women with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) grade 2/3 lesion on biopsy were included in a prospective follow-up study in Belgium and Nicaragua. All women were treated with loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP) and follow-up visits took place at 6 weeks, 6 months, 1 year and 2 years. During these visits, a Papanicolaou (Pap) smear test was taken, colposcopy was performed and specimens were collected for HPV testing. Cytology, high-risk (HR) HPV presence, persistent HR HPV infection and combinations of these tests at different time points during follow-up were correlated with histologically confirmed residual/recurrent disease. RESULTS: Thirteen patients (9%) developed residual/recurrent disease during follow-up. Abnormal cytology at 6 weeks after treatment was significantly correlated with residual/recurrent disease. Nine of thirty-seven patients with abnormal cytology at 6 weeks had recurrent disease versus three of seventy with a normal cytology [odds ratio (OR): 7.2; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.8-28.5; P = 0.003). Sensitivity of this test was 75.0%, specificity 70.5%. Combining abnormal cytology and the presence of HR HPV within the first 6 months after treatment gave the best correlation with residual/recurrent disease: of the 54 women with abnormal cytology and/or HR HPV presence within the first 6 months, 11 developed residual/recurrent disease (OR 10.2; 95% CI: 2.2-48.3). Sensitivity of this combination was 84.6% and specificity 65.0%. CONCLUSION: Cytology remains the cornerstone in the early follow-up after LEEP for CIN lesions of the cervix. HPV testing can add value as it increases the sensitivity of cytology in concomitant testing within the first 6 months.

[Validation of equations to assess body composition using anthropometric data in Chilean preschool children]. / Validación de ecuaciones antropométricas para evaluar composición corporal en niños preescolares chilenos.

BACKGROUND: Validated equations to measure body composition in Chilean preschool children are lacking, since the only international equation available was developed in obese, and undernourished Caucasian children. Due to the increase in overweight and obesity in Chile, it is essential to have simple and reliable instruments to assess children. AIM: To design and validate anthropometric equations to estimate body fat (BF) and total body water (TBW) to be applicable in children aged 3 to 5 years, using deuterated water dilution as a reference method. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Weight, height, circumferences and skinfold thickness were evaluated in 238 children aged 3 to 5 years, attending Junta Nacional de Jardines Infantiles (JUNJI). Several equations were developed using multiple regression models to estimate body water and fat. The proposed equations were validated against a sample of 77 children previously evaluated, using Bland and Alunan agreement analysis, that compares average differences of both methods with the average of predicted and estimated values. RESULTS: New equations for TBW and BF were obtained, accounting for 86% and 72% in estimated variability. The agreement analysis showed a mean difference 0.001 +/- 0.32 and 0.07 +/- 0.56 kg, for TBW and BF, respectively, confirming the validity of the equations. CONCLUSIONS: The new validated equations in Chilean children aged 3 to 5 years, have an adequate and predictive capacity, especially useful for evaluating TBW and BF change in cohorts.

Efecto del consumo de diferentes dosis de café filtrado sobre los niveles plasmáticos de homocisteína y presión arterial en un grupo de voluntarios sanos / Effect of consumption of different doses of filtered coffee on homocysteine plasma levels and blood pressure in a group of healthy volunteers

No está claro si el consumo de café afecta la presión arterial y los niveles de homocisteína. El objetivo fue determinar el cambio en las concentraciones plasmáticas de homocisteína y presión arterial en un grupo de voluntarios sanos. Se realizó un estudio prospectivo, clínico controlado, en el que se conformaron cuatro grupos de 29 sujetos cada uno, quienes, durante un período de seis semanas, se sometieron al consumo diario de café filtrado. El grupo 1 no consumió café, el grupo 2 consumió 200 mL de café, el grupo 3 400 mL y el 4 600 mL. Antes de la intervención se midieron: presión arterial, homocisteína, índice arterial, ácido fólico eritrocitario y vitaminas B12 y B6. Al final de la intervención, se tomó la presión arterial y se midió la concentración de homocisteína. Los resultados mostraron grupos sin diferencias significativas en las condiciones basales. Después de la intervención, el cambio en los valores de homocisteína entre los grupos, no mostró diferencia significativa y permanecieron dentro de los valores de referencia (p = 0,098). El cambio en los niveles de presión arterial sistólica y diastólica, no fue significativo (p=0,510 y 0,430 respectivamente). En conclusión, el consumo de diferentes dosis de café filtrado, no mostró cambios significativos en los niveles séricos de homocisteína como tampoco en los niveles de presión arterial sistólica y diastólica en un grupo de sujetos sanos normotensos; en el grupo que se abstuvo de tomar café, no disminuyeron de manera significativa los niveles de homocisteína y presión arterial.

Validación de ecuaciones antropométricas para evaluar composición corporal en niños preescolares chilenos / Validation of equations to assess body composition using anthropometric data in Chilean preschool children

Background: Validated equations to measure body composition in Chilean preschool children are lacking, since the only international equation available was developed in obese, and undernourished Caucasian children. Due to the increase in overweight and obesity in Chile, it is essential to have simple and reliable instruments to assess children. Aim: To design and validate anthropometric equations to estimate body fat (BF) and total body water (TBW) to be applicable in children aged 3 to 5 years, using deuterated water dilution as a reference method. Materials and Methods: Weight, height, circumferences and skinfold thickness were evaluated in 238 children aged 3 to 5 years, attending Junta Nacional de Jardines Infantiles (JUNJI). Several equations were developed using multiple regression models to estimate body water and fat. The proposed equations were validated against a sample of 77 children previously evaluated, using Bland and Alunan agreement analysis, that compares average differences of both methods with the average of predicted and estimated values. Results: New equations for TBW and BF were obtained, accounting for 86 percent and 72 percent in estimated variability. The agreement analysis showed a mean difference 0.001 ± 0.32 and 0.07 ± 0.56 kg, for TBW and BF, respectively, confirming the validity of the equations. Conclusions: The new validated equations in Chilean children aged 3 to 5 years, have an adequate and predictive capacity, especially useful for evaluating TBW and BF change in cohorts.

Natural history and clearance of HPV after treatment of precancerous cervical lesions.

AIM: To assess the clearance rate of human papillomavirus (HPV) after out-patient treatment of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN). METHODS AND RESULTS: A total of 122 Nicaraguan women with HPV DNA-positive and histologically confirmed CIN lesions were included in the study. Fifty-five patients with CIN1 and 67 with CIN2-3 were treated by cryotherapy and loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP), respectively. Follow-up visits were scheduled at 6 weeks, 6 months, 1 year and 2 years. Investigations included cytology, HPV DNA testing and colposcopy/biopsy if needed. The clearance rate of HPV was calculated by multivariate logistic regression. Immediately after treatment, a pronounced decrease in presence of HPV was observed in both groups, with a significantly higher clearance in the LEEP group than in the cryotherapy group (P = 0.019). Subsequently, clearance continued over time and was similar between the cryotherapy group and the LEEP group (P = 0.73). Approximately the same detection rates were obtained for persistence of all HPV types and for high-risk types separately: 43.9, 37.6, 29.9 and 17.7% in the cryotherapy group and 24.9, 20.3, 15.3 and 8.4% in the LEEP group at 6 weeks, 6 months, 1 year and 2 years, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Out-patient treatment of precancerous lesions of the cervix usually results in clearance of HPV. Both LEEP and cryotherapy are highly effective methods of eradicating HPV. HPV DNA testing may have added value in the follow-up of patients.

Effects of Cr3+, Cr6+ and tannery sludge on C and N mineralization and microbial activity in semi-arid soils.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of two Cr species (Cr(3+) and Cr(6+)) on N and C mineralization and dehydrogenase activity in semi-arid soils. The Cr species (250 mg kg(-1)soil) were either added alone or mixed with tannery sludge (0.0125 g g(-1)) to three soils: cultivated soils, and outside and under the canopy of mesquite trees were then incubated for 180 days at 25 degrees C. Sole Cr(6+) addition had a higher inhibition of CO(2) production rate in cultivated soil (58-73%) than in soils under the canopy and outside the canopy. Soil outside the canopy amended with Cr(6+) showed the highest inhibition of dehydrogenase activity (40-100%) followed by cultivated and under the canopy soils. However, Cr(6+) added alone increased the inhibition of nitrification in soil outside the canopy (68-84%, from 30 to 120 days), followed by under the canopy and cultivated soils. The addition of tannery sludge to Cr(6+) significantly reduce the CO(2) production rate and dehydrogenase activity in all three soils, and increased the inhibition of nitrification in the following order: outside the canopy, cultivated and under the canopy soils. The addition of Cr(3+) or Cr(3+) plus tannery sludge either stimulated or inhibited CO(2) production rate, dehydrogenate activity and ammonification in the three soils in no clearly defined order. Measurement of dehydrogenase activity was the best tool for assessing the harmful effect of Cr(6+) on soil microbial activity in semi-arid soils exposed for an extended period.

Prevalence of high risk human papillomavirus types among Nicaraguan women with histological proved pre-neoplastic and neoplastic lesions of the cervix.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the prevalence of high risk human papillomavirus (HPV) types in Nicaraguan women with histological proved pre-neoplastic and neoplastic cervical lesions, and to assess its potential impact on preventive strategies. METHODS: 206 women with histopathological confirmed cervical lesions (CIN I or worse) were screened for HPV DNA on a liquid based cytology sample, using an HPV short fragment polymerase chain reaction based assay. HPV positive samples were genotyped with a reverse hybridisation line probe assay (Lipa). HPV negative samples were re-analysed using type specific real time polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: Of all lesions CIN II or worse, 12% tested negative. Prevalence of high risk HPV increased from 48.1% in cervical intraepithelial neoplasia I (CIN I) to 94.7% in invasive squamous cervical carcinoma (SCC). The most prevalent high risk HPV types were, in order of prevalence rate, HPV 16, 58, 31 and 52. HPV 16 and/or HPV 31 were present in 63.2% of SCC cases. CONCLUSION: Targeting HPV 16 and 31 with prophylactic vaccines could possibly have an important impact on the incidence of invasive cervical carcinoma in Nicaragua. Further research is needed to define the oncogenic potential of other high prevalent HPV genotypes. Meanwhile, primary prevention and cervical cancer screening programmes should be optimised.

Concentracion sérica de cobre ®libre¼ y ceruloplasmina en niños con desnutricion aguda grave antes de iniciar la terapia nutricional y al momento de recuperar el apetito en turbo, antioquia, colombia / Serum concentrations of free copper and ceruloplasmin in children with severe acute malnutrition before nutritional therapy and after children have recovered the apetite in turbo, antioquia, colombia

Introduction: copper supplementation therapy has been used in children with acute and severe malnutrition. Scientific evidence has shown that malnourished children with edema have free copper in plasma which could produce oxidative stress. Objective: To compared plasma concentrations of free copper between children with acute and severe malnutrition and a control group. Methodology: Cross sectional study where 66 normal and malnourished children were studied. A longitudinal study (before and after type) design was used including 40 children with severe and acute malnutrition; free copper was merasured by high-resolution capillary electrophoresis; ceruloplasmin and PCR by nephelometry. Results: In the cross sectional study children with marasmus had higher free copper serum concentrations than children with oedematous malnutrition, but the difference was not significant. In the control group this metal was not found. Children with oedema showed significant lower ceruloplasmin concentrations than children with marasmus (p=0.00) while the difference in PCR was also no significant for both groups. When the relationship between free copper serum concentrations and the presence of infection was analyzed no significant differences were obtained. However, serum albumin concentration was significantly lower for children with oedematous malnutrition than the marasmic group (p=0.016). After children recovered the appetite in the longitudinal study, serum free copper concentration decreased for both groups and ceruloplasmin concentration increased but no significant differences were observed. Conclusion: Copper supplementation could be considered as nutritional therapy for undernourished children since the beginning of the nutritional treatment, as it is recommended by WHO.

Introducción: La recuperación de los niños con desnutrición aguda grave incluye suplementación con cobre desde el inicio de la terapia; existen evidencias que niños edematosos pueden tener cobre libre en plasma el cual podría generar estrés oxidativo. Objetivo: Comparar concentraciones séricas de cobre libre y ceruloplasmina en un grupo de desnutridos agudos graves y un grupo control Metodología: estudio transversal al ingreso entre niños con y sin desnutrición en una muestra de 66 sujetos y longitudinal de tipo antes y después en 40 niños desnutridos. Se determinó cobre libre por electroforesis capilar de alta resolución; ceruloplasmina y PCR por nefelometría, además de variables clínicas Resultados: En el transversal, los marasmáticos presentaron niveles de cobre libre mayores que los edematosos sin diferencia significativa; en el grupo control este metal no se detectó. En los edematosos la concentración de ceruloplasmina fue significativamente menor con relación a los marasmáticos (p=0.00) y la PCR no presentó diferencia significativa entre ellos. No se encontraron diferencias significativas entre los niveles de cobre libre y presencia o no de infección. La albúmina se encontró más baja en los edematosos con diferencia significativa respecto a los marasmáticos (p=0.016). En el longitudinal, al recuperar el apetito el cobre libre disminuyó y la ceruloplasmina aumentó en los dos grupos sin diferencia significativa Conclusión: el suplemento de cobre como componente de la terapia nutricional puede ser suministrado a los desnutridos desde el inicio como lo propone el protocolo de la OMS.

Manejo quirúrgico de las fracturas mandibulares sinfisiales y parasinfisiales / Management surgical of the feature mandibullar sinphisial and for-synphysial

El dorso nasal representa una de las sub-unidades nasales que mayor peso tiene al momento de considerar una nariz armónica o estéticamente ideal, reflejando en conjunto con la proyección de la punta nasal el carácter del perfil facial. Se realizó un estudio prospectivo de un grupo seleccionado de 56 pacientes, con criterio para la realización de rinoplastia primaria, que presentaran cúpulas óseo cartilaginosas prominentes. Se utilizaron como métodos de evaluación la comparación de los parámetros estéticos ideales en los estudios fotográficos preoperatorios y postoperatorios. A un total de 56 pacientes se les realizó resección conservadora de la cúpula óseo cartilaginosa prominente en dos tiempos, a través de la técnica de rinoplastia abierta; a 23 pacientes les fueron practicadas osteotomías medias oblicuas y osteotomías laterales como único procedimiento, en 33 pacientes de manera concomitante se utilizaron injertos separadores en la bóveda cartilaginosa, 32 pacientes recibieron injertos de cartílago desmenuzado septal en el rádix y 41 pacientes recibieron injertos de cartílago desmenuzado en la unión cóndro-ósea. Los autores proponen una escisión conservadora de la cúpula óseo cartilaginosa y abogan por una reconstrucción de la misma en casos seleccionados, además de hacer énfasis en la importancia de establecer inicialmente la altura y proyección de la punta nasal a fin de mantener dorsos nasales altos y dentro de parámetros estéticos ideales.